According to Eurostat and CDC data, the average age of women at the birth of their first child continues to rise. In the European Union, it reached 29.7 years in 2022, in the US—27.3 years, and in the UK, according to the Office for National Statistics, it was 30.9 years in 2022.
These figures reflect a steady trend toward postponing motherhood, driven by social and economic changes. However, from a biological point of view, the female reproductive system remains unchanged and functions according to natural laws.
Fertility begins to decline after the age of 30, which requires a conscious approach to family planning. The female body does not adapt to career or social circumstances, which means that age remains the most important factor in assessing reproductive potential.
Age and fertility
The impact of age on reproductive function
With age, the number of follicles decreases and the quality of eggs declines. By the age of 35–37, the likelihood of conceiving naturally is significantly reduced. By the age of 40, the chance of getting pregnant in a single cycle is less than 10%. Eggs formed before a woman is born accumulate damage with age, which increases the risk of unsuccessful conception or developmental abnormalities.
Menopause and the end of reproductive function
With the onset of menopause:
- the ovarian reserve is depleted;
- menstruation and ovulation cease;
- the endometrium becomes less receptive to implantation.
Some hormonal activity may continue, softening the physiological transition and supporting the woman’s overall health.
Optimal age for motherhood and risks of late pregnancy
Recommended age
According to the WHO and population studies, the most favorable age for having the first child is between 20 and 29 years. Until the age of 35, fertility remains high and obstetric and genetic risks are minimal.
Risks after age 35
After age 35, the likelihood of complications increases:
- Genetic: the risk of Down syndrome increases with age.
- Cardiovascular: preeclampsia, hypertension.
- Metabolic: gestational diabetes.
- Obstetric: premature birth, cesarean section, placental abnormalities.
Preparing for pregnancy after 35
Proper preparation includes:
- Genetic testing of the couple (e.g., karyotyping);
- Weight control (excess weight affects hormone levels and pregnancy outcomes);
- Medication (hormonal balance, blood clotting, immune system);
- Surgical treatment for fibroids, polyps, cysts;
- Psychological support and positive attitude building.
Pregnancy after 40 and assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
Modern ART methods
Even after 40, pregnancy is possible with the help of reproductive technologies:
- IVF using your own eggs;
- nuclear transfer (PNT) or mitochondrial transfer (MST);
- IVF with egg donation;
- donor embryos and surrogacy in special cases.
When egg donation is recommended
This method is effective in cases of:
- depleted ovarian reserve;
- previous ovarian surgery;
- high risk of hereditary diseases.
Success depends on the condition of the endometrium and the ability of the uterus to accept the embryo.
Comparison: late and early motherhood
Advantages of late motherhood
Women of mature age are more likely to approach motherhood consciously, have stable relationships and financial stability.
Emotional maturity contributes to responsible parenting.
Advantages of early motherhood
Young women have higher egg quality and lower risks of genetic disorders. Pregnancy and childbirth are usually easier, and the incidence of chronic diseases is significantly lower.
If you are postponing motherhood
To preserve your reproductive potential:
- have an ultrasound scan and take an AMH test to assess your ovarian reserve;
- consider cryopreservation of eggs at a young age;
- treat gynecological diseases in a timely manner;
- maintain a healthy lifestyle (diet, physical activity, avoiding harmful habits).
An individual approach to the age of motherhood
From a physiological point of view, the ideal age for conception is between 20 and 35 years old. However, medical advances and ART options allow women to become mothers later in life if their health and circumstances allow.
The Natuvitro reproductive medicine clinic team supports women at all stages, from planning to childbirth. A professional approach, accurate diagnosis, and personalized programs help make the dream of motherhood come true at any age.